What are the three primary parenting styles identified in research?

The three primary parenting styles identified in research are authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative. Each style reflects different approaches parents take in raising their children, impacting children's development and behavior.

Authoritarian parenting is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness. Parents who adopt this style enforce strict rules and expect obedience without input from the child, often leading to obedience but possibly hindering social competence and self-esteem.

Permissive parenting, on the other hand, is marked by low demands and high responsiveness. These parents are lenient and indulgent, allowing considerable autonomy for their children. While this may foster creativity and self-expression, children may lack discipline and face challenges with authority.

Authoritative parenting combines high demands with high responsiveness. Parents establish clear guidelines and expectations but are also supportive and communicative. This style tends to foster independence and social responsibility in children, contributing to better emotional health and academic success.

The other options include combinations of styles that do not align with the most widely recognized framework established in psychological research. For instance, neglectful is not one of the three primary categories recognized for parenting styles, and punitive, while it may involve strict discipline, is not formally recognized as a distinct style of parenting. By identifying the correct trio—authoritarian, permissive,