What does the term 'adulthood' refer to?

The term 'adulthood' refers to a significant life stage that begins at the end of adolescence and continues until death. It encompasses a myriad of experiences and responsibilities that impact an individual's personal development, relationships, and societal roles. During adulthood, individuals typically gain greater independence, engage in complex decision-making, pursue careers, and often start families. This period is characterized not only by physical growth but also by emotional and social maturation.

The other options encompass different aspects of development but do not accurately define adulthood. The beginning of adolescence marks the transition from childhood to adolescence rather than adulthood. Describing adulthood as a life stage that ends in retirement overlooks the ongoing nature of adulthood, which spans decades and includes various adult responsibilities before retirement. Focusing solely on education and career inadequately captures the broader experiences of adulthood, which also include personal relationships, social responsibilities, and community involvement. Therefore, the comprehensive definition provided in option C aligns most accurately with the widely accepted understanding of adulthood.